Best electric SUVs are rapidly becoming a popular choice for environmentally conscious drivers. This comprehensive guide dives deep into the world of electric SUVs, exploring the top-rated models, performance capabilities, sustainability factors, and the crucial aspects of charging infrastructure.
From compact to full-size, we’ll examine the features, pricing, and overall value proposition of various electric SUV models. This in-depth analysis will equip you with the knowledge needed to make an informed decision when considering an electric SUV.
Overview of Electric SUVs
The electric SUV market is experiencing rapid growth, driven by consumer demand and technological advancements. A wide range of models, from compact to full-size, cater to diverse needs and preferences. This surge in popularity is due to a combination of factors, including environmental consciousness, government incentives, and improved battery technology.The current electric SUV landscape presents a diverse array of choices, each with unique features and capabilities.
Consumers are increasingly drawn to electric vehicles (EVs) for their reduced environmental impact, potential cost savings in the long run, and the experience of a quiet, responsive driving experience.
Key Factors Driving Consumer Interest, Best electric SUVs
Several key factors are fueling the demand for electric SUVs. Environmental concerns are a major motivator, as EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, contributing to cleaner air and a reduced carbon footprint. Government incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, make EVs more accessible and affordable, thereby encouraging adoption. The growing awareness of the potential long-term cost savings, particularly in fuel expenses, is also driving consumer interest.
The experience of driving an EV, with its quiet operation and immediate acceleration, is proving increasingly attractive to consumers.
Technological Advancements Impacting Performance and Range
Technological advancements are significantly impacting the performance and range of electric SUVs. Battery technology improvements, particularly in terms of energy density and charging speed, are enabling longer ranges and faster charging times. This leads to more extended journeys and reduced charging anxiety. Furthermore, advancements in electric motor technology are enhancing acceleration and efficiency. The combination of improved battery technology and electric motor technology allows for a greater driving range and performance capabilities.
Examples of these advancements include the development of solid-state batteries, which promise higher energy density and faster charging, and the integration of sophisticated motor controllers for enhanced efficiency.
Comparison of Electric SUV Categories
The electric SUV market encompasses a wide spectrum of sizes and features. This table illustrates the key differences between various categories:
| Category | Size | Typical Range (miles) | Performance (0-60 mph) | Price (estimated) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compact | Small, suitable for city driving | 150-250 | 6-8 seconds | $40,000-$55,000 |
| Mid-size | Spacious interior, good for families | 250-350 | 5-7 seconds | $50,000-$75,000 |
| Full-size | Luxurious, ample space for passengers and cargo | 300-400+ | 4-6 seconds | $70,000+ |
The table highlights the diverse offerings within the electric SUV segment. Each category caters to different needs and preferences, with varying price points, range, and performance characteristics. The range of options available ensures there’s a suitable electric SUV for nearly any consumer.
Top-Rated Models
The electric SUV market is booming, with numerous models vying for consumer attention. Choosing the best one often comes down to individual priorities, but several models consistently rank highly based on sales, reviews, and performance. This section details the top 5 best-selling electric SUVs, outlining their key specifications, safety features, and overall appeal.
Top 5 Best-Selling Electric SUVs
Identifying the top 5 best-selling electric SUVs involves analyzing sales data from reputable sources like industry publications and automotive news outlets. Factors considered include overall unit sales, consumer demand, and model availability across different regions. This analysis allows for a comprehensive comparison of top-performing models.
| Model | Battery Capacity (kWh) | Charging Time (0-80%) | Performance (0-60 mph) | Safety Features | Price (USD) | Average Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla Model Y | 75-100 kWh | 30-60 minutes (depending on charger) | 3.5-4.8 seconds | Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), including Autopilot, multiple airbags, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. | $45,000 – $65,000 | 4.5 out of 5 stars (based on average reviews) |
| Chevrolet Bolt EUV | 66 kWh | 30-60 minutes (depending on charger) | 6.5 seconds | Standard driver-assistance features such as lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, and rear cross-traffic alert. | $28,000 – $35,000 | 4.0 out of 5 stars (based on average reviews) |
| Ford Mustang Mach-E | 75-99 kWh | 30-60 minutes (depending on charger) | 3.5-4.0 seconds | Comprehensive safety suite including lane-keeping assist, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. | $40,000 – $55,000 | 4.2 out of 5 stars (based on average reviews) |
| Volkswagen ID.4 | 77 kWh | 30-60 minutes (depending on charger) | 6.2 seconds | Standard driver-assistance features, such as lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, and adaptive cruise control. | $35,000 – $45,000 | 4.1 out of 5 stars (based on average reviews) |
| Hyundai Kona Electric | 64 kWh | 30-60 minutes (depending on charger) | 7.6 seconds | Standard driver-assistance features such as lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind-spot monitoring. | $30,000 – $40,000 | 4.0 out of 5 stars (based on average reviews) |
The table above provides a comparative overview of the top 5 best-selling electric SUVs. These models represent a range of price points and performance characteristics, catering to various consumer preferences.
Detailed Specifications and Comparisons
Detailed specifications, including battery capacity, charging time, and performance metrics, are crucial for informed decision-making. Comparing safety features and driver-assistance technologies further allows consumers to assess the overall value proposition of each model. Battery capacity influences range, charging time impacts usability, and performance metrics affect driving experience.
Performance and Range: Best Electric SUVs
Electric SUVs offer a compelling blend of performance and efficiency, a significant departure from traditional combustion engine vehicles. Their instant torque delivery translates to impressive acceleration, often exceeding that of comparable gasoline-powered models. However, range and charging infrastructure remain key considerations for potential buyers.Electric motors produce instantaneous torque, which is crucial for rapid acceleration. This characteristic, combined with the lack of friction losses associated with transmissions, gives EVs a noticeable edge in acceleration compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.
The smooth, rapid acceleration often results in a more engaging driving experience. However, peak performance can sometimes be limited by the battery’s capacity.
Acceleration and Handling
Electric motors’ instantaneous torque translates to quick acceleration from a standstill. This is often noticeable in real-world driving scenarios, where the electric SUVs quickly gain speed and maintain momentum. Handling characteristics are also influenced by the electric motor’s low center of gravity and the precise control afforded by electric powertrains. The instant torque and responsive handling contribute to a dynamic and enjoyable driving experience.
Range Differences
Range varies significantly between different electric SUV models, depending on factors like battery capacity, driving style, and environmental conditions. Aggressive driving, heavy loads, and high temperatures can significantly reduce the range. Real-world range figures should be considered alongside the manufacturer’s estimates. A consistent driving style and mindful use of energy-saving features can help maximize range. For instance, a model with a 100 kWh battery pack will typically offer a greater range than one with a 60 kWh battery pack under similar driving conditions.
Charging Infrastructure and Speeds
The accessibility and speed of charging stations are crucial considerations. Public charging networks are expanding rapidly, but the availability and location of stations vary geographically. Charging speeds vary based on the charging type (Level 1, Level 2, DC Fast Charging). Level 1 charging is the slowest and typically uses household outlets, while Level 2 charging is faster and uses dedicated charging stations.
DC Fast Charging is the fastest option, capable of significantly replenishing battery power in a relatively short time.
Charging Options and Costs
| Charging Type | Speed | Cost (per kWh) | Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 (Household Outlet) | Slowest | Lowest (often equivalent to the cost of electricity at home) | High (everywhere with a standard outlet) |
| Level 2 (Dedicated Charging Station) | Moderate | Moderate (often equivalent to the cost of electricity at home) | Medium (requires installation at home or public station access) |
| DC Fast Charging | Fastest | Highest (often a premium per kWh) | Lower (more limited but growing rapidly) |
The table above presents a comparison of different charging options. Note that costs can vary significantly based on local electricity rates. Factors like time spent charging and electricity prices are crucial to consider when evaluating the overall cost of charging an electric SUV.
Interior and Technology
Electric SUVs are increasingly sophisticated, offering not only impressive performance and range but also luxurious and technologically advanced interiors. These vehicles prioritize driver and passenger comfort while seamlessly integrating cutting-edge technology for a truly modern driving experience. The focus on advanced features often comes at a premium price point, but the benefits can be significant in terms of safety, convenience, and overall enjoyment.
Interior Design and Features
Electric SUVs showcase a wide variety of interior design styles, ranging from minimalist and modern to more traditional and luxurious aesthetics. High-quality materials, such as premium leather, suede, and sustainable alternatives, are frequently used. The use of sculpted dashboard designs and integrated infotainment systems often create a cohesive and visually appealing interior. Cabin layouts are frequently designed with comfort and functionality in mind, with adjustable seats, ample storage, and ergonomic controls for a personalized driving experience.
Many models feature panoramic sunroof options, enhancing the sense of spaciousness and natural light within the cabin.
Infotainment Systems and Connectivity
Infotainment systems in electric SUVs are generally intuitive and feature-rich, allowing seamless integration with smartphones and other devices. Large touchscreens are common, providing easy access to navigation, music, and vehicle settings. The latest models often include advanced voice recognition capabilities, allowing drivers to control various functions with simple voice commands. Connectivity options, including Wi-Fi hotspots and smartphone integration, enhance the overall user experience and provide access to real-time information and entertainment.
Different models vary significantly in their infotainment systems’ sophistication, with some offering more advanced features and functionalities than others.
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Electric SUVs frequently incorporate advanced driver-assistance systems to enhance safety and driver comfort. These systems often include features like adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and blind-spot monitoring. Advanced parking assistance systems, such as automated parking and parallel parking assist, are also common. These systems aim to provide drivers with greater control and safety on the road, often contributing to a more relaxed and confident driving experience.
The integration of ADAS varies across different models, with some offering a more comprehensive suite of features than others.
Interior Comparison Table
| Model | Interior Materials | Comfort Features | Passenger Space |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Premium leather, sustainable wood trims | Ventilated and heated seats, massage functions | Generous headroom and legroom in the rear |
| Model B | High-quality synthetic materials, aluminum accents | Adjustable seats with lumbar support, ambient lighting | Adequate passenger space, suitable for adults |
| Model C | Eco-friendly materials, minimalist design | Ergonomic controls, supportive seats | Good space for rear passengers, but less luxurious than Model A |
Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Electric SUVs offer a compelling alternative to their gasoline-powered counterparts, promising a more sustainable future. While not without their complexities, these vehicles present significant environmental advantages stemming from their reduced emissions and potential for eco-friendly manufacturing practices. However, the full environmental picture considers the entire lifecycle, from material sourcing to recycling and disposal.Electric SUVs are undeniably less impactful in terms of tailpipe emissions during operation.
This translates into lower air pollution in urban areas and a reduced carbon footprint compared to traditional SUVs. However, the complete environmental assessment requires a broader perspective, evaluating the entire production process and the vehicle’s eventual disposal.
Environmental Benefits of Electric SUVs
Electric SUVs contribute to reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, improving air quality and mitigating climate change. Their reliance on electricity, rather than fossil fuels, minimizes local pollution, particularly in urban centers. This reduction in tailpipe emissions significantly benefits human health and ecosystems. A comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of gasoline-powered and electric SUVs demonstrates substantial differences in emissions and resource consumption.
Manufacturing Processes and Material Sourcing
The manufacturing of electric SUVs involves a variety of materials, some of which are sourced globally. The process requires careful consideration of material sourcing and production methods to minimize environmental harm. Lithium-ion batteries, a crucial component, require specific mineral extraction and processing, impacting ecosystems and potentially human rights. Furthermore, the sourcing and processing of other materials, such as rare earth metals, must be examined for their environmental footprint.
The choice of materials and manufacturing techniques can significantly influence the overall sustainability of an electric SUV.
Lifecycle Impact of the Vehicle
The environmental impact of an electric SUV extends beyond its operational phase. The entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to eventual recycling or disposal, must be considered. The mining and processing of battery materials, as well as the production and transportation of the vehicle itself, generate substantial environmental impacts. The lifecycle assessment includes the energy consumption throughout the vehicle’s life, from production to end-of-life disposal.
A responsible approach involves efficient material use and robust recycling infrastructure to minimize waste and maximize resource recovery.
Recycling and Disposal
Recycling and proper disposal procedures are crucial to mitigating the environmental impact of electric SUVs at the end of their lifespan. Battery recycling is particularly important due to the valuable materials contained within. Advanced recycling technologies can recover these materials, reducing the need for further mining and minimizing the environmental burden. The development of robust recycling infrastructure is essential for responsible management of end-of-life vehicles.
Effective recycling programs are vital to the sustainability of electric mobility.
Energy Consumption and Emissions
| Model | Energy Consumption (kWh/100km) | CO2 Emissions (g/km) |
|---|---|---|
| Model A | 20 | 15 |
| Model B | 25 | 20 |
| Model C | 18 | 12 |
This table provides a simplified overview of energy consumption and emissions for example models. Actual figures may vary depending on driving conditions, battery technology, and other factors. Comprehensive lifecycle assessments are crucial for a more nuanced understanding of the environmental impact of each model. Note that energy consumption and emissions are influenced by a variety of factors, including driving habits and charging infrastructure.
Charging Infrastructure and Accessibility
The availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure are crucial factors in the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. Reliable charging options influence consumer decisions and impact the overall success of the electric vehicle market. A robust charging network, both public and private, is essential for overcoming range anxiety and encouraging broader EV ownership.Current public charging infrastructure, while expanding rapidly, still presents challenges for seamless EV ownership.
The distribution of charging stations, their availability, and the varying pricing structures across different providers contribute to the complexity of the charging experience. Home charging options are proving increasingly important as they offer convenience and cost-effectiveness. Addressing the challenges related to charging will be essential for making EVs a more viable and accessible option for all.
Current State of Public Charging Infrastructure
Public charging stations are rapidly increasing in number and sophistication, but unevenly distributed. Geographic disparities in station density often affect accessibility, particularly in rural or suburban areas. This uneven distribution can create range anxiety and limit the usability of electric vehicles in certain regions. Different charging standards and varying pricing models can further complicate the user experience.
Availability and Accessibility of Home Charging Options
Home charging solutions are becoming more prevalent and readily available. Options range from Level 1 charging (often integrated into existing household electrical systems) to the more powerful Level 2 charging, often installed by electricians. The affordability and ease of installation vary depending on factors like local electrical codes and individual circumstances.
Challenges Associated with Charging
Several challenges remain in the realm of charging infrastructure. Interoperability issues between different charging networks and standards hinder the seamless experience of using electric vehicles. Varying pricing models and lack of transparent information about charging costs can make planning and budgeting difficult for EV owners. A lack of coordinated efforts between different stakeholders can impede the overall progress and expansion of EV charging infrastructure.
Furthermore, the upfront cost of installing home charging stations may be a barrier for some consumers.
Potential Solutions
Promoting interoperability between charging networks through standardization efforts could improve the user experience. Clearer and more consistent pricing models, coupled with transparent information about charging costs, would benefit EV owners. Government incentives and subsidies for home charging installations could alleviate the upfront costs. Increased coordination between public and private entities to develop a comprehensive charging infrastructure plan would lead to a more robust and accessible network.
Charging Station Proximity to Residential Areas
| Charging Station Name | Address | Distance to Nearest Residential Area (approx.) | Charging Type(s) | Estimated Cost/kWh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supercharger Station A | 123 Main Street, Anytown | 0.5 miles | Level 2, DC Fast Charging | $0.25 |
| ChargePoint Station B | 456 Elm Avenue, Anytown | 1.2 miles | Level 2, AC Charging | $0.30 |
| EVgo Station C | 789 Oak Street, Anytown | 2.5 miles | DC Fast Charging | $0.35 |
This table provides illustrative examples of charging station locations and their proximity to residential areas. Actual distances and costs may vary depending on the specific location and provider. Real-world examples and data on charging station proximity should be consulted for detailed information.
Price and Value Proposition
Electric SUVs are rapidly gaining popularity, but their higher upfront costs often raise questions about their overall value. Understanding the pricing dynamics, long-term ownership expenses, and specific value propositions of various models is crucial for potential buyers. This section dives into the financial aspects of electric SUVs, comparing them to their gasoline-powered counterparts and analyzing their long-term viability.
Pricing Comparison
Electric SUVs typically command a premium over their gasoline-powered counterparts, primarily due to the higher cost of battery technology and specialized components. This price gap varies significantly across different models, influenced by factors such as battery capacity, advanced features, and brand prestige. For instance, a mid-range electric SUV might cost 15-20% more than a comparable gasoline-powered model, whereas a high-end luxury electric SUV can command a significantly larger premium.
Direct comparisons of specific models should be conducted using data from reliable automotive market analysis sites, or official manufacturer websites.
Long-Term Ownership Costs
Evaluating the long-term costs of ownership is essential for determining the true value of an electric SUV. Beyond the initial purchase price, factors such as maintenance, charging expenses, and potential resale value must be considered. Electric vehicles generally have lower maintenance costs than gasoline vehicles due to fewer moving parts. Charging expenses depend on electricity rates in the region, charging infrastructure availability, and vehicle efficiency.
Best electric SUVs are definitely a hot topic, but something to consider alongside the impressive features is auto repair costs. Knowing that Auto repair costs can vary significantly between brands and models is crucial. Ultimately, the best electric SUV for you will depend on a variety of factors, including your budget and maintenance needs.
Comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an electric SUV to its gasoline counterpart is recommended to get a comprehensive picture of its long-term financial implications. Factors to consider include electricity costs in your area, the availability of public charging stations, and any potential government incentives.
Value Proposition Analysis
The value proposition of an electric SUV hinges on a multifaceted evaluation. Beyond initial pricing, factors such as advanced technology features, potential government incentives, and potential long-term cost savings must be considered. Some models may offer a strong value proposition due to competitive pricing, while others might be more appealing for their unique technological advancements or sustainability features.
Consider the features, technological innovations, and potential resale value, as well as the long-term cost-effectiveness, before making a purchase decision.
Comparative Pricing Table
| Model | Price Range (USD) | Warranty (Years/Miles) | Resale Value Prediction (Estimated % of Original Price after 5 years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | $50,000 – $65,000 | 8 years/100,000 miles | 65-70% |
| Model B | $45,000 – $60,000 | 7 years/80,000 miles | 60-65% |
| Model C | $70,000 – $85,000 | 10 years/120,000 miles | 55-60% |
Note: Resale value predictions are estimates and can vary based on market conditions and individual vehicle maintenance records.
Safety and Reliability
Electric SUVs are rapidly gaining popularity, but a critical aspect consumers need to consider is their safety and reliability. Understanding the safety features, crash test results, and potential concerns associated with electric vehicle technology is crucial for informed purchasing decisions. This section delves into the safety features and reliability of various electric SUVs, providing insights into crash test scores and recall data.
Safety Features and Ratings
A wide range of advanced safety features are now standard or available as options in electric SUVs. These include features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). The availability and effectiveness of these features vary significantly across different models, highlighting the importance of researching specific models to understand their comprehensive safety offerings.
Crash Test Results
Independent crash testing organizations like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) provide valuable data on the performance of electric SUVs in various crash scenarios. These organizations use standardized test protocols to evaluate the structural integrity of the vehicles and the protection offered to occupants. Comparing crash test results across different models can aid in assessing potential risks and advantages.
Reliability Data
Long-term reliability data for electric SUVs is still developing, as these vehicles are relatively new to the market. However, consumer reports, owner reviews, and industry analyses provide insights into potential issues. Understanding potential areas of concern, such as battery performance or charging system reliability, can help mitigate potential future problems. The information from these sources is essential for understanding the long-term performance of different models.
Potential Safety Concerns
While electric SUVs offer significant safety advantages, certain aspects of electric vehicle technology could potentially pose some safety concerns. For instance, high-voltage electrical systems require specialized safety measures to prevent electrical hazards. Furthermore, the relatively high cost of some electric SUVs could affect the availability of repairs and maintenance, particularly in areas with limited specialized service providers. It is important to consider these factors when evaluating the long-term safety and maintenance aspects of an electric SUV.
Summary Table
| Model | Safety Ratings (e.g., NHTSA, IIHS) | Crash Test Scores (if available) | Recall History |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | 5 stars (NHTSA), Good (IIHS) | High scores in frontal and side impact tests | Minor recalls related to infotainment system |
| Model B | 4 stars (NHTSA), Acceptable (IIHS) | Moderate scores in frontal and side impact tests | Recalls related to battery cooling system |
| Model C | 5 stars (NHTSA), Top Safety Pick+ (IIHS) | Excellent scores in all crash tests | No major recalls reported |
Note
* This table is a simplified example and may not include all relevant data. Always refer to official sources for the most up-to-date and detailed information.
Best electric SUVs are definitely a hot topic right now, and checking out in-depth car reviews like those found at Car reviews can really help you make an informed decision. Ultimately, comparing different models and understanding their strengths and weaknesses is crucial when choosing the perfect electric SUV for your needs.
Future Trends and Predictions
The electric SUV market is rapidly evolving, driven by technological advancements and changing consumer demands. Predicting the future landscape requires careful consideration of emerging technologies, shifting consumer preferences, and the evolving infrastructure. This section explores key future trends impacting the electric SUV market.
Emerging Technologies
Several emerging technologies are poised to significantly influence the electric SUV market. These include advancements in battery technology, such as solid-state batteries, which promise increased energy density, faster charging times, and improved safety. Furthermore, the development of more efficient electric motor designs, along with enhanced thermal management systems, will contribute to improved performance and range. The integration of sophisticated software and AI will play a crucial role in optimizing vehicle functions, including driving dynamics, energy consumption, and even predictive maintenance.
Autonomous Driving
The integration of autonomous driving features is a critical development in the electric SUV sector. As autonomous driving technology matures, it is expected to become more commonplace in electric SUVs. This will enhance safety, reduce driver fatigue, and potentially allow for new use cases, such as hands-free highway driving or parking assistance. Early implementations in electric SUVs will likely focus on Level 2 and 3 autonomous features, gradually transitioning to higher levels as technology advances.
Charging Infrastructure Development
The future of charging infrastructure will be crucial to the widespread adoption of electric SUVs. Increased public charging station deployment, along with the integration of home charging solutions, will be essential for supporting a robust charging network. Moreover, the development of faster charging technologies, such as ultra-fast charging, will be vital for reducing charging times and encouraging longer-distance travel.
Smart charging solutions, which integrate with renewable energy sources and optimize charging schedules, will also become increasingly important.
Summary of Future Trends
| Trend | Potential Implications |
|---|---|
| Advancements in battery technology (e.g., solid-state batteries) | Increased range, faster charging, improved safety, and potentially lower costs. |
| Autonomous driving features | Enhanced safety, reduced driver fatigue, potential for new use cases, and improved traffic flow. |
| Charging infrastructure development | Wider availability of public charging stations, faster charging options, and integration with renewable energy. |
| Integration of sophisticated software and AI | Optimized vehicle functions, predictive maintenance, and enhanced user experience. |
Closure
In conclusion, the electric SUV market is dynamic and evolving rapidly. The top-performing models offer compelling features and advantages, making them attractive choices for buyers. However, understanding the complexities of charging infrastructure and long-term costs is essential. Ultimately, the best electric SUV depends on individual needs and priorities.
FAQs
What are the key factors driving consumer interest in electric SUVs?
Growing environmental awareness, government incentives, and the desire for advanced technology are key factors. Improved range and performance are also significant drivers.
What are the common safety concerns associated with electric vehicles?
While electric vehicles generally have strong safety ratings, concerns around battery safety and potential fire hazards are being addressed through advancements in battery technology and safety regulations.
How does charging infrastructure vary across different regions?
Public charging infrastructure varies significantly based on location. Some areas have extensive networks, while others are still developing their charging infrastructure. Availability and accessibility are key considerations.
What are the long-term maintenance costs for electric SUVs?
Electric SUVs typically have lower maintenance costs compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles due to fewer moving parts. However, battery replacements and charging expenses are factors to consider over time.
